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Silk Road was a web based black market and the primary modern darknet market.[7] It was launched in 2011 by its American founder Ross Ulbricht beneath the pseudonym "Dread Pirate Roberts." As part of the darkish net,[8] Silk Road operated as a hidden service on the Tor community, allowing users to buy and promote services between each other anonymously. All transactions had been conducted with bitcoin, a cryptocurrency which aided in defending consumer identities. The web site was identified for its unlawful drug market, among different unlawful and legal product listings. Between February 2011 and July 2013, the site facilitated sales amounting to 9,519,664 Bitcoins.[9]

In October 2013, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) shut down the Silk Road website and arrested Ulbricht.[9][3] Silk Road 2.Zero came on-line the next month, run by other directors of the previous site,[10] however was shut down the next 12 months as a part of Operation Onymous. In 2015, Ulbricht was convicted in federal court for multiple fees associated to operating Silk Road and was given two life sentences with out chance of parole.[1][11][12]

Operations[edit]

The website was launched in February 2011;[13] improvement had begun six months prior.[14][15] The title "Silk Road" comes from a historic network of trade routes started in the course of the Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE) between Europe, India, China, and plenty of other nations on the Afro-Eurasian landmass.[7] Silk Road was operated by the pseudonymous "Dread Pirate Roberts" (named after the fictional character from The Princess Bride), who was recognized for espousing libertarian ideals and criticizing regulation.[3][16] Two other people were also closely concerned in the positioning's development and success, referred to as Variety Jones and Smedley.[17]

In June 2011, Gawker published an article about the positioning[18] which led to a rise in notoriety and web site site visitors.[14] U.S. Senator Charles Schumer requested federal legislation enforcement authorities to shut it down, together with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and Department of Justice.[19]

In May 2013, Silk Road was taken down for a brief time period by a sustained DDoS assault.[20] On 23 June 2013, it was first reported that the DEA seized 11.02 bitcoins, then value a complete of $814, which the media suspected was a results of a Silk Road honeypot sting.[21][22] The FBI has claimed that the real IP address of the Silk Road server was found through information leaked directly from the location's CAPTCHA and it was located in Reykjavík, Iceland. IT security experts have doubted the FBI's claims because technical evidence means that no misconfiguration that would trigger the specific leak was present at the time.[23][24]

Henry Farrell, an associate professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, analyzed Silk Road in an essay for Aeon in 2015.[25] He noted that Ulbricht created the marketplace to function without government oversight however found it tough to confirm nameless transactions.[25] To maintain a steady stream of revenue, he started increasing oversight to ensure low transaction prices.[25] To do that, he added measures to ensure trustworthiness with implementation of an automated escrow cost system and automatic review system.[25]

Arrest and trial of Ross Ulbricht[edit]

Due, partially, to off-duty analysis performed by IRS Criminal Investigation Special Agent Gary Alford,[26] Ross Ulbricht was alleged by the FBI to be the founder and proprietor of Silk Road and the particular person behind the pseudonym "Dread Pirate Roberts" (DPR). Alford looked for any mentions of the .onion URL or .tor address, stating that someone might have marketed or recommended the market on Google. The primary mention of the website was by a user named "altoid." Further looking out into this altoid profile led him to a publish about an open place that informed involved applicants to contact what was Ross Ulbricht's personal electronic mail.[27] He was arrested on 2 October 2013 in San Francisco[9][28][29][30][31] in Glen Park Library, a branch of the San Francisco Public Library.[31] During the arrest, the FBI seized Ulbricht's laptop which he was utilizing to connect with the servers and manage the market.[32] Ulbricht was indicted on charges of partaking in a persevering with criminal enterprise, distributing narcotics, distributing narcotics by way of the Internet, and four conspiracy charges associated to distribution of narcotics, laptop hacking, money laundering, and false identity paperwork.[31][33][34][35] He was individually indicted for a single homicide-for-hire cost.[36] Prosecutors alleged that Ulbricht paid $730,000 to others to commit the murders, although none of the murders actually occurred.[37][36][38] Ulbricht ultimately was not prosecuted for any of the alleged homicide makes an attempt.[39]

The FBI initially seized 26,000 bitcoins from accounts on Silk Road, value roughly $3.6 million at the time. An FBI spokesperson said that the company would hold the bitcoins till Ulbricht's trial completed, after which the bitcoins could be liquidated.[40] In October 2013, the FBI reported that it had seized 144,000 bitcoins, worth $28.5 million, and that the bitcoins belonged to Ulbricht.[41] On 27 June 2014, the U.S. Marshals Service offered 29,657 bitcoins in 10 blocks in an online public sale, estimated to be price $18 million at contemporary rates and solely a couple of quarter of the seized bitcoins. Another 144,342 bitcoins had been kept which had been found on Ulbricht's pc, roughly $87 million.[42] Tim Draper purchased the bitcoins on the public sale with an estimated price of $17 million, to lend them to a bitcoin begin-up called Vaurum which is working in developing economies of emerging markets.[43]

Ulbricht's trial started on thirteen January 2015 in federal court docket in Manhattan.[44] In the beginning of the trial, Ulbricht admitted to founding the Silk Road website, but claimed to have transferred management of the site to different folks quickly after he founded it.[45] Ulbricht's legal professionals contended that Dread Pirate Roberts was really Mark Karpelès, and that Karpelès set up Ulbricht as a fall man.[46] However, Judge Katherine B. Forrest dominated that any speculative statements concerning whether Karpelès or anybody else ran Silk Road would not be allowed, and statements already made would be stricken from the file.[47]

In the second week of the trial, prosecutors offered documents and chat logs from Ulbricht's pc that, they mentioned, demonstrated how Ulbricht had administered the positioning for a lot of months, which contradicted the protection's declare that Ulbricht had relinquished management of Silk Road. Ulbricht's lawyer urged that the documents and chat logs had been planted there by the use of BitTorrent, which was operating on Ulbricht's laptop on the time of his arrest.[47]

On 4 February 2015, the jury convicted Ulbricht of seven prices,[12] including charges of partaking in a persevering with criminal enterprise, narcotics trafficking, money laundering, and laptop hacking.[1][2] The persevering with criminal enterprise cost has a minimum sentence of 20 years. The quantity of narcotics distributed also triggered an additional 10-year minimum.[48] The federal government also accused Ulbricht of paying for the murders of at least 5 individuals, however there isn't a proof that the murders had been really carried out, and the accusations by no means grew to become formal prices against Ulbricht.[49][50]

In the course of the trial, Judge Forrest acquired loss of life threats.[38] Users of an underground site called The Hidden Wiki posted her private info there, including her address and Social Security number. Ulbricht's lawyer Joshua Dratel mentioned that he and his shopper "clearly, and as strongly as possible, condemn" the nameless postings against the judge. "They don't in any means have something to do with Ross Ulbricht or anybody associated with him or reflect his views or these of anyone related to him," Dratel stated.[51]

In late March 2015, a criminal complaint issued by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California led to the arrest of two former federal agents who had worked undercover in the Baltimore Silk Road investigation of Ulbricht, former Drug Enforcement Administration agent Carl Mark Force IV and Secret Service agent Shaun Bridges.[52][53] The agents are alleged to have saved funds that Ulbricht transferred to them in alternate for purported information in regards to the investigation.[52][54] The agents were charged with wire fraud and money laundering.[55] In late November 2016, Ulbricht's legal professionals brought forward a case on a 3rd DEA agent, who they claim was leaking info concerning the investigation and tampered with evidence to omit chat logs showing conversations with him.[56]

In a letter to judge Forrest earlier than his sentencing, Ulbricht acknowledged that his actions by Silk Road had been committed by means of libertarian idealism and that "Silk Road was alleged to be about giving folks the freedom to make their very own selections" and admitted that he made a "terrible mistake" that "ruined his life."[57][58] On 29 May 2015, Ulbricht was given 5 sentences to be served concurrently, together with two of life imprisonment with out the potential for parole.[59] He was additionally ordered to forfeit $183 million. Ulbricht's lawyer Joshua Dratel mentioned that he would attraction the sentencing and the original guilty verdict.[49] On 31 May 2017, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied Ulbricht's appeal, and affirmed the judgment of conviction and life sentence, in a written opinion authored by Gerard E. Lynch, United States circuit decide.[60] The Supreme Court declined to assessment the case.[61]

Other trials[edit]

In February 2013, an Australian cocaine and MDMA ("ecstasy") dealer grew to become the primary person to be convicted of crimes straight associated to Silk Road, after authorities intercepted medication that he was importing by the mail, searched his premises, and found his Silk Road alias in an image file on his personal computer.[62] Australian police and the DEA have focused Silk Road users and made arrests, albeit with restricted success at reaching convictions.[18][63][64] In December 2013, a new Zealand man was sentenced to two years and four months in jail after being convicted of importing 15 grams of methamphetamine that he had purchased on Silk Road.[65]

23-12 months-old Dutch drug seller Cornelis Jan "Maikel" Slomp[66] pled guilty to giant-scale promoting of drugs by way of the Silk Road website, and was sentenced in Chicago to 10 years in prison on 29 May 2015 with his attorney, Paul Petruzzi, current.[67][68] Dealer Steven Sadler was sentenced to 5 years in prison. There have been over 130 other arrests related with Silk Road, though some of these arrests might not be directly associated to Silk Road, and will not be public info resulting from legal reasons.[69][70][71]

Later seizures[edit]

On three November 2020, after years of inactivity, observers of the bitcoin blockchain detected that two transactions totaling 69,370 bitcoin and bitcoin cash,[72] worth roughly $1 billion in whole on the time of switch, had been made from a bitcoin tackle associated with the Silk Road.[73] At the time of transfer, it was value fifty eight instances its worth in 2015.[74] It was subsequently revealed that the transfer had been made by the United States government in a civil forfeiture motion.[75] In accordance with a press launch by the U.S. Attorney's Office of the Northern District of California, the bitcoin wallet belonged to an "Individual X" who had originally acquired the bitcoins by hacking the Silk Road.[76]

In March 2013, the location had 10,000 products for sale by vendors, 70% of which were medication.[18][77] Drugs were grouped underneath the headings stimulants, psychedelics, prescription, precursors, other, opioids, ecstasy, dissociatives, and steroids/PEDs.[14][13][78][79] Fake driver's licenses had been also provided on the market.[80] The positioning's phrases of service prohibited the sale of sure gadgets. When the Silk Road marketplace first began, the creator and administrators instituted terms of service that prohibited the sale of something whose objective was to "harm or defraud."[13][81] This included youngster pornography, stolen credit playing cards, assassinations, and weapons of any type; different darknet markets such as Black Market Reloaded gained user notoriety as a result of they weren't as restrictive on these items because the Silk Road incarnations have been.[77][82] There have been also authorized goods and providers on the market, such as apparel, artwork, books, cigarettes, erotica, jewellery, and writing services. A sister site, called "The Armoury," bought weapons (primarily firearms) throughout 2012, however was shut down, attributable to a scarcity of demand.[83]

The Silk Road offers over 24,400 merchandise related to medication on the market and an infrastructure to make these transactions. The official sellers guide states the prohibition of any sale of goods which can be meant for hurt or fraud, but permits for prescription medication, pornography, and counterfeit paperwork. Only users of Tor can entry the Silk Road.[84]

Buyers had been ready to leave reviews of sellers' merchandise on the positioning and in an associated discussion board, where crowdsourcing supplied details about the best sellers and worst scammers.[85] Most products have been delivered via the mail, with the site's vendor's information instructing sellers methods to vacuum-seal their products to escape detection.[86]

Sales[edit]

Silk Road provided goods and companies to over 100,000 patrons.[87] Over the 2+1⁄2 years in which the web site was in operation, it generated $183 million in sales and $thirteen million in commissions, primarily based on the value of bitcoin on the time of transactions.[88] Because of the significant rise in bitcoin value over that interval, the income and commission are additionally sometimes reported as $1.2 billion and $80 million, respectively.[89][90][9]

Initially there have been a limited number of recent seller accounts accessible; new sellers had to purchase an account in an auction. Later, a fixed fee was charged for each new seller account.[91][92] Buyers and sellers performed all transactions with bitcoins (BTC), a cryptocurrency that provides a sure degree of anonymity. Silk Road held consumers' bitcoins in escrow until the order had been obtained and a hedging mechanism allowed sellers to opt for the worth of bitcoins held in escrow to be fastened to their worth in US$ on the time of the sale to mitigate against Bitcoin's volatility. Any modifications in the worth of bitcoins throughout transit have been lined by Dread Pirate Roberts.[93]

The complaint printed when Ulbricht was arrested included data the FBI gained from a system image of the Silk Road server collected on 23 July 2013. It noted that, "From February 6, 2011 to July 23, 2013 there have been approximately 1,229,465 transactions accomplished on the positioning. The entire revenue generated from these gross sales was 9,519,664 Bitcoins, and the entire commissions collected by Silk Road from the sales amounted to 614,305 Bitcoins. In response to the federal government, total sales have been equal to roughly $1.2 billion and concerned 146,946 buyers and 3,877 vendors.[94][9] In line with data users provided upon registering, 30 % have been from the United States, 27 percent chose to be "undeclared," and beyond that, in descending order of prevalence: the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Canada, Sweden, France, Russia, Italy, and the Netherlands. Throughout the 60-day interval from 24 May to 23 July, there were 1,217,218 messages sent over Silk Road's non-public messaging system.[9]

Similar websites[edit]

The Farmer's Market was a Tor site much like Silk Road, however which did not use bitcoins.[95] It has been considered a 'proto-Silk Road' but the use of fee companies reminiscent of PayPal and Western Union allowed regulation enforcement to hint payments and it was subsequently shut down by the FBI in 2012.[85][96][97] Other websites already existed when Silk Road was shut down and The Guardian predicted that these would take over the market that Silk Road beforehand dominated.[98][99] Atlantis was founded in March 2013 and closed six months later, whereas Project Black Flag closed in October 2013; each websites stole their users' bitcoins.[10] In October 2013, Black Market Reloaded closed briefly after its source code was leaked.[10] The market shares of varied Silk Road successor sites were described by The Economist in May 2015.[100]

Book membership[edit]

Silk Road had a Tor-based guide membership that continued to function following the preliminary site's closure and even following the arrest of one in all its members. Reading material included conspiracy theories and laptop hacking. A number of the titles included mainstream books as well as books such as the Anarchist Cookbook and Defeating Electromagnetic Door Locks. Most of the titles on this ebook club were pirated. This ebook club nonetheless exists as a personal Tor-based chatroom.[101][102]

Direct successors[edit]

Silk Road 2.0[edit]

On 6 November 2013, administrators from the closed Silk Road relaunched the site, led by a brand new pseudonymous Dread Pirate Roberts, and dubbed it "Silk Road 2.0." It recreated the original site's setup and promised improved security.[10] The new DPR took the precaution of distributing encrypted copies of the location's supply code to permit the location to be rapidly recreated in the event of one other shutdown.[103]

On 20 December 2013, it was announced that three alleged Silk Road 2.0 directors had been arrested;[104] two of those suspects, Andrew Michael Jones and Gary Davis, were named because the administrators "Inigo" and "Libertas" who had continued their work on Silk Road 2.0.[105] Around this time, the brand new Dread Pirate Roberts abruptly surrendered control of the positioning and froze its exercise, together with its escrow system. A new temporary administrator under the screenname "Defcon" took over and promised to carry the location back to working order.[106]

On 13 February 2014, Defcon introduced that Silk Road 2.0's escrow accounts had been compromised through a vulnerability in Bitcoin protocol called "transaction malleability."[107] While the positioning remained online, all of the bitcoins in its escrow accounts, valued at $2.7 million, have been reported stolen.[107] It was later reported that the vulnerability was in the location's "Refresh Deposits" operate, and that the Silk Road directors had used their commissions on gross sales since 15 February to refund customers who lost cash, with 50 p.c of the hack victims being completely repaid as of eight April.[108]

On 6 November 2014, authorities with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Europol, and Eurojust introduced the arrest of Blake Benthall, allegedly the proprietor and operator of Silk Road 2.0 beneath the pseudonym "Defcon," the previous day in San Francisco as part of Operation Onymous.[6][109] The creator of the relaunched website-an English computer programmer named Thomas White-was also arrested within the course of the shutdown, however his arrest was not made public until 2019 after he pled responsible to prices stemming from running the website and was sentenced to five years in prison. Among the costs White admitted to was creating little one pornography, and chat logs recovered by police confirmed White discussing the opportunity of launching a web site to host such material.[110][111]

Others[edit]

Following the closure of Silk Road 2.Zero in November 2014, Diabolus Market renamed itself to 'Silk Road three Reloaded' to be able to capitalize on the brand.[112] In January 2015, Silk Road Reloaded launched on I2P with multiple cryptocurrency assist and similar itemizing restrictions to the original Silk Road market.[113] This website is also defunct.[114]

Advocates of darkish internet drug gross sales & Ulbricht[edit]

Meghan Ralston, a former hurt discount manager for the Drug Policy Alliance, was quoted as saying that the Silk Road was "a peaceable alternative to the usually deadly violence so generally associated with the global drug warfare, and street drug transactions, specifically." Proponents of the Silk Road and similar sites argue that shopping for unlawful narcotics from the security of your property is better than buying them in particular person from criminals on the streets.[115][116]

Media[edit]

Deep Web (2015) - A movie by director/screenwriter Alex Winter based on Silk Road which provides the inside story of the arrest of Ross Ulbricht[117]Silk Road: Drugs, Death, and the Dark Web. A&E Television, 2018.[118]Casefile True Crime Podcast - Case 76: Silk Road (Parts 1, 2, 3) - aired 10, 17, 24 February 2018[7]American Kingpin - A new York Times finest-promoting biography, by Nick Bilton, of Ross Ulbricht's life previous to, during, and after the Silk RoadSilk Road - A 2021 movie starring Jason Clarke, and Nick Robinson as Ross Ulbricht
See additionally[edit]

AgorismCrypto-anarchismJames ZhongOpenBazaarWar on drugs
References[edit]

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External hyperlinks[edit]

"'Silk Road' website known as the Amazon of heroin, cocaine." ABC Action News. YouTube. 10 June 2011"Silk Road: Theory & Practice""United States of America v. Ross William Ulbricht" Grand Jury Indictment, District of Maryland (1 October 2013)"United States of America v.

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